1. Pengertian Ejaan
Ejaan adalah suatu keseluruhan sistem penulisan bunyi-bunyi bahasa yang meliputi :
a. Perlambangan fonem dengan huruf (tata bunyi)
b. Ketetapan penulisan satuan-satuan bentuk kata dasar, kata ulang, kata majemuk, dan lain sebagainya.
c. Ketetapan cara menulis kalimat dan bagian-bagiannya dengan mengunakan tanda baca.
2. Ejaan Van Ophusyen
Ejaan Van Ophusyen disebut juga Ejaan Balai pustaka. Masyarakat pengguna bahasa menerapkannya sejak tahun 1901 sampai 1947. Ejaan ini merupakan karya Ch. A. Van Ophusyen, dimuat dalam kitab Logat Melayoe (1901).
Ciri khusus ejaan Van Ophusyen :
1. Huruf /u/ ditulis /oe/.
2. Koma hamzah /k/ ditulis dengan tanda /’/ pada akhir kata misalnya bapa’,ta’.
3. Jika pada suatu kata berakhir dengan huruf /a/ mendapat akhiran /i/, maka di atas akhiran itu diberi tanda trema /”/.
4. Huruf /c/ yang pelafalannya keras diberi tanda /’/ diatasnya.
5. Kata ulang diberi angka 2, misalnya: janda2 (janda-janda)
6. Kata majemuk dirangkai ditulis dengan 3 cara :
a. Dirangkai menjadi satu, misalnya /hoeloebalang, apabila/, dsb.
b. Dengan menggunakan tanda penghubung misalnya /rumah-sakit/,dsb.
c. Dipisahkan, misalnya /anak-negeri/,dsb.
3. Ejaan Republik/ Ejaan Suwandi
Ejaan Republik dimuat dalam surat keputusan Menteri P dan K Mr. Soewandi No.264/Bhg. A tanggal 19 maret 1947 oleh sebab ini disebut sebagai Ejaan Suwandi. Siste ejaan suwandi merupakan sistem ejaan latin untuk bahasa Indonesia.
Ciri khusus Ejaan Republik/ Suwandi :
1. Huruf /oe/ dalam ejaan Van Ophusyen berubah menada /u/.
2. Tanda trema pada huruf /a/ dan /i/ dihilangkan.
3. Koma ain dan koma hamzah dihilangkan. Koma hamzah ditulis dengan /k/ misalanya kata menjadi katak.
4. Huruf /e/ keras dan /e/ lemah ditulis tidak menggunakan tanda, misalnya ejaan, seekor, dsb.
5. Penulisan kata ulang dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara.
Contohnya :
a. Berlari-larian
b. Berlari2-an
6. Penulisan kata majemuk dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara
Contohnya :
a. Tata laksana
b. Tata-laksana
c. Tatalaksana
7. Kata yang berasal dari bahasa asing yang tidak menggunakan /e/ lemah (pepet) dalam bahasa Indonesia ditulis tidak menggunakan /e/ lemah, misalnya : /putra/ bukan /putera/, /praktek/ bukan /peraktek/, dsb.
4. Ejaan Malindo
Ejaan Malindo (Melayu-Indonesia) adalah suatu ejaan dari perumusan ejaan melayu dan Indonesia. Perumusan ini berangkat dari kongres Bahasa Indonesia tahun 1954 di Medan, Sumatera Utara. Ejaan Malindo ini belum sempat diterapkan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari karena saat itu terjadi konfrontasi antara Indonesia dan Malaysia.
5. Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD)
Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD) merupakan penyempurnaan dari ejaan-ejaan sebelumnya. EYD diresmikan pada saat pidato kenegaraan memperingati HUT Kemerdekaan RI XXVII, 17 agustus 1972. Kemudian dikukuhkan dalam Surat Keputusan Presiden No. 57 tahun 1972. EYD ini hasil kerja panitia ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang dibentuk tahun 1966.
Ciri khusus Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD) :
1. Perubahan huruf /j/, /dj/, /nj/, /ch/, /tj/, /sj/ pada ejaan Republik menjadi /y/, /j/, /ny/, /kh/, /c/, /sy/.
Contoh :
Jang yang
Djadi jadi
Njonja nyonya
Chabar khabar
Tjepat cepat
Sjarat syarat
2. Kata ulang ditulis dengan satu cara yakni menggunakan tanda hubung (tidak diperkenankan menggunakan tanda angka /2/)
Contoh :
Besar2 Besar-besar
Se-besar2-nya sebesar-besarnya
Sayur2-an sayur-sayuran
Penulisan kata ulang dengan menggunakan angka /2/ hanya diperkenankan pada tulisan cepat atau notula.
3. Penulisan kata majemuk harus dipisahkan dan tidak perlu menggunakan tanda hubung.
Contoh :
Duta-besar duta besar
Kaya-raya kaya raya
Tata-usaha tata usaha
4. Gubangan kata yang sudah dianggap senyawa (satu kata) ditulis serangkai. Contohnya : Assalamualaikum, hulubalang, dsb.
5. Kata ganti ku, mu, kau, dan nya ditulis serangkai dengan kata yang mengikutinya. Contohnya : kumiliki, dipukul, barangmu, pacarku, dsb.
6. Kata depan di dan ke ditulis terpisah dari kata yang mengikutinya.
Contohnya :
di Surabaya bukan disurabaya
ke sini bukan kesini
di sini bukan disini
7. Partikel pun terpisah dari kata yang mendahuluinya, kecuali pun yang menjadi kelompok kata.
Contohnya :
Kapan pun aku tetap menantimu
Meskipun demikian aku tak akan marah (meskipun adalah kelompok kata)
8. Penulisan kata si dan sang dipisah dari kata yang mengikutinya.
Contohnya :
Si penjual bakso bukan sipenjual bakso
Sang pujangga bukan sangpujangga
9. Partikel per berarti tia-tiap dipisah dari kata yang mengikutinya.
Contonya :
Per orang bukan perorang
Per lembar bukan perlembar
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